Which of the following is NOT listed as an example of lawful intrusion?

Which of the following is NOT listed as an example of lawful intrusion?

• A. Anonymous tips alone
• B. Traffic checkpoint without basis
• C. Warrants
• D. Stop-and-frisk with no plausible basis

Answer: (C)

Lawful intrusion refers to actions by police that invade privacy but are permitted by law. A warrant is the authorization that makes intrusion permissible; it is the permission, not the intrusion itself. So, in this context, a warrant isn’t an intrusion you carry out, but the legal backing for one. The other scenarios illustrate ways intrusion can occur without proper justification—anonymous tips alone don’t establish probable cause, a traffic checkpoint without basis isn’t supported by proper grounds, and stop-and-frisk with no plausible basis violates constitutional protections.

Lawful intrusion refers to actions by police that invade privacy but are permitted by law. A warrant is the authorization that makes intrusion permissible; it is the permission, not the intrusion itself. So, in this context, a warrant isn’t an intrusion you carry out, but the legal backing for one. The other scenarios illustrate ways intrusion can occur without proper justification—anonymous tips alone don’t establish probable cause, a traffic checkpoint without basis isn’t supported by proper grounds, and stop-and-frisk with no plausible basis violates constitutional protections.